Spain can blame itself for Catalonia’s defiance

Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy stuck stubbornly to his script on Sunday night while the rest of the world watched an entirely different movie unfold in Catalonia. “There was no referendum. What we have seen was a mere dramatization,” Rajoy insisted. He sounded a little like a Kremlin spokesperson brushing aside a separatist uprising in, say, Chechnya. Nothing to see here, folks.
Only there was plenty to see and cameras everywhere to document riot police firing rubber bullets into crowds of peaceful protesters, dragging voters by the hair and using truncheons. The injury estimates were continually revised higher; more than 800 were reportedly injured in clashes with Spanish police. Spanish authorities downplayed those reports.
Regardless, the videos that went viral were damning. It’s hard to imagine anything in recent years that could do more to bolster the cause of Catalan separatism. Spain has now been plunged into its deepest crisis in decades; the 1978 constitutional settlement that granted Spanish regions various degrees of autonomy looks to be in tatters.
In the early hours, Catalonia’s government announced that it had counted nearly 2.3 million ballots that hadn’t been seized, and 90 percent were for independence. It hardly matters that turnout was a low 42 percent; Catalonia’s leaders got exactly what they wanted—victory in the court of public opinion and widespread international condemnation of Madrid. As clashes with police were broadcast, Catalan President Carles Puigdemont, a former journalist and mayor of Girona, nimbly recast the narrative as “truncheons versus the ballot box.”
For Catalan separatists, Rajoy’s law-and-order mantra conjured images of General Franco, whose legacy still casts a long shadow over Spain. Puigdemont is completing his transformation from accidental revolutionary to human-rights champion. He must keep promising steps toward independence to keep his movement going. The problem is that Rajoy and Puigdemont each have firmly committed to a path of escalation.
A declaration of independence would be the next stage in a rapidly intensifying standoff; Puigdemont says Catalans have earned that right, though it remains to be seen whether parliament would back such a move. Separatist leaders have called for a general strike for Tuesday, threatening to paralyze a region that makes up a fifth of Spain’s gross domestic product and produces a quarter of its exports.
Catalans gathering in Barcelona’s central square on Sunday evening jangled keys, a reference to the local schools that, in defiance of Madrid, turned over their keys to separatists so that ballots could be cast there. The mood in the square was described as funereal rather than celebratory. Catalans may not have the will to take up arms against the Spanish government, but that is not the same as loyalty; the emotional link to the rest of the country will have been severed for many by Sunday’s violence.
That Rajoy managed to accomplish this was some feat. Approval for the referendum barely cleared Catalonia’s own parliament in September; it had nowhere near majority support in polls. Support for independence peaked in 2013 after the Spanish government refused Catalonia’s demands for more autonomy over its finances. A nonbinding vote in 2014, also held in defiance of the Spanish courts, saw 80 percent back a split from Spain on turnout of under 40 percent. In a recent poll, only 35 percent of respondents said the region should become independent. That’s not surprising: Catalans enjoy a relatively good life; whatever their grievances with the Spanish government, many were wary of the economic uncertainty that life outside Spain—and initially at least outside the European Union—could bring.
Rajoy was in a difficult position as Spanish leader, but he had cards to play. He had the support he wanted from his EU counterparts. He had support from his country’s highest court, which declared the vote illegal. He had Catalan opinion, Spanish national opinion and fair economic winds all on his side. And while separatist leaders like to paint their movement as a historically fated and united front, the truth is messier; a motley mix of anarchists, anti-capitalists and center-right parties with different agendas and conflicting worldviews had used the cause to build their power base and rally support.
From that high ground, Rajoy might have sought to appease centrist Catalans with concessions such as infrastructure spending and eventual discussions on enhanced autonomy. There were some token promises, but as the independence vote loomed, he instead chose to escalate tensions, arresting officials and seizing control of Catalonia’s finances and security apparatus.

—Bloomberg

Therese Raphael writes editorials on European politics and economics for Bloomberg View. She was editorial page editor of the Wall Street Journal Europe