Deflating a bubble before it busts would be huge

Economists may be finally closing in on the reason for asset bubbles. How to pop them before they grow too large, however, is a much harder problem.
The study of bubbles has steadily gathered urgency during the past four decades as crashes became more spectacular and more damaging. The stock crash of 1987 was a wake-up call for those who had assumed that markets function efficiently; there was no obvious reason why rational investors would suddenly conclude that US companies were worth 23% less than the day before. The tech bubble was even more troubling because many observers had warned of a bubble for years before the crash, to no avail. The same thing happened with the housing bubble, only when that one burst it took the real economy with it — as tends to happen when rapid asset-price declines are combined with high levels of debt.
Researchers have developed a large and diverse array of theories about why asset prices suddenly rise and crash. The difficulty in identifying the cause of bubbles has made it hard to design policies to prevent them. But recently, a growing number of economists are zeroing in on the idea of what they call extrapolative expectations. For whatever reason, it seems, investors sometimes decide that a recent run of good returns represents some sort of deep structural trend.
A new paper by Zhenyu Gao, Michael Sockin and Wei Xiong supports this idea. Looking at housing prices during the bubble, they compared states based on how much they changed their capital gains tax rates. The states that raised taxes more saw less of a bubble and crash.
But even more tellingly, the authors found that in states with lower capital gains taxes, purchases of investment properties that the owners didn’t plan to live in tend to increase more in response to recent price gains. The simplest explanation for this pattern is that when prices go up and there aren’t tax hikes to make people expect a reversal, they start to think that the trend will continue for the foreseeable future. And they buy accordingly.
Obviously, investors don’t always expect recent trends to continue forever. So what makes them start to extrapolate? It may be that when a price trend gets big enough for people to notice, human psychology tends to assume that this is the new normal. If house prices in your neighbourhood normally go up and down, but then they suddenly start going up by big amounts each year for several years, you might assume that the game has simply changed.
Defenders of the idea of efficient markets might retort that if this happens, savvier investors would simply bet against the trend-followers and bring things back into line. But economic theorists have long understood that because rational investors have limited firepower to short a bubble, they often find it more worthwhile to ride the rising prices for a while. That just makes the bubble worse. Rational investors know there’s a
bubble, but decide to buy in for a while and try to sell at the top.
If this unified theory of bubbles turns out to be right, the next question becomes: How can governments nip the process in the bud? If economists can figure out how many years of rising prices is needed to create the impression of a permanent trend in speculators’ minds, then policy makers could adopt a rule where capital gains taxes temporarily go up whenever prices rise for that many years in a row. If there’s a sound fundamental reason prices are rising, then the higher capital gains taxes would skim off some of the windfall. And if it really is the start of a bubble, the sudden tax increase would damp speculators’ expectation for eternally rising prices.
If this kind of automated tax system prevents bubbles from getting out of hand, it would be a huge victory for behavioural finance — and for everyone who would no longer have to fear the whims of out-of-control asset markets.
—Bloomberg